how to maintain personal hygiene

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Menopause

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">The period that marks the permanent cessation of menstrual activity, normally occurring in the U.S. between the ages of 40 and 58. Menopause is said to have occurred once the woman has experienced 12 full months without any menstrual bleeding. The mean age of menopause in the U.S. is 51. The menses may stop suddenly, but this phenomenon is relatively rare. For most women there is first a menopausal transition often lasting a few years, during which ovulation becomes infrequent, menstrual cycles become irregular, brief periods of amenorrhea, polymenorrhea, or hypermenorrhea occur, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels rise. Natural menopause will occur in 25% of women by age 47, 50% by age 50, 75% by age 52, and 95% by age 55. Pathologic or premature menopause due to surgical removal of the ovaries, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or to disorders such as malnutrition, debilitation, or extreme emotional stress can occur at any age. Women with short menstrual cycles, lower body weight, a history of smoking, nulliparity, and lower socioeconomic status may reach menopause earlier than the rest of the population. Obesity and overweight may contribute to a delayed onset of menopause.<br /> <br /> SYMPTOMS<br /> The symptoms associated with menopause begin soon after the functional decline of the ovaries results in decreased estrogen levels, or after medical, radiation, or surgical treatments destroy the reproductive glands. Symptoms, which may last from a few months to years, vary from hardly noticeable to severe. Included are vasomotor instability (hot flashes and night sweats), insomnia, atrophy of vulvo-vaginal tissues, vaginal dryness, and dyspareunia. Vaginal pH becomes more alkaline, increasing the chance for infections. Atrophic cystitis due to the effects of decreased estrogen levels on bladder mucosa and associated structures can occur. Breast size may decrease, skin turgor and elasticity decrease, and pubic and axillary hair may be reduced. A panel of the National Institutes of Health in 2005 found limited, if any, evidence that anxiety, fatigue, apathy, depression, poor concentration, lapses in memory, palpitations, headache, numbness, tingling, myalgia, or urinary disturbances (e.g., frequency and incontinence) had any provable relation to menopause. The long-term effects of lower estrogen levels include incremental bone loss (osteopenia or osteoporosis).<br /> <br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9ZNtGMECeYI271icIbPs9sfeluooP7sLRT4-xac4CUdeA8XRKUKPrx6LgwekpGFQpiKOgZuCECP326vho6OBlMteiu0KokOUIoL6nU_-yPnyInd7R_xYRM3WQTek5FYnJfshAcG5UTJh0/s1600/Symptoms_of_menopause_%2528raster%2529.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9ZNtGMECeYI271icIbPs9sfeluooP7sLRT4-xac4CUdeA8XRKUKPrx6LgwekpGFQpiKOgZuCECP326vho6OBlMteiu0KokOUIoL6nU_-yPnyInd7R_xYRM3WQTek5FYnJfshAcG5UTJh0/s400/Symptoms_of_menopause_%2528raster%2529.png" width="396" /></a><br /> <br /> TREATMENT<br /> Menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may be used cautiously for relief of symptoms. This therapy consists of estrogen alone (in women who have had a hysterectomy) and estrogen combined with progesterone (in patients with an intact uterus). HRT is contraindicated in women who smoke or in women with a history of an estrogen-dependent breast cancer, endometrial cancer, thromboembolic disease, acute liver disease, and vaginal bleeding of unknown cause. Many women with a strong family history of breast cancer should also avoid hormone therapy. Decisions regarding use of hormone therapy are based on the relative benefits and risks of treatment for the individual woman. Important benefits may include reducing the risk of bone loss and decreasing symptomatic hot flashes. Significant adverse effects may include increased potential for developing estrogen-related malignancies, heart attacks, strokes, blood clots, and postmenopausal bleeding. The Women’s Health Initiative has led to a revision in recommendations for HRT because health risks appear to outweigh benefits. The advantages and disadvantages of hormonal therapies should be openly discussed with patients so that they may make informed choices about treatment. Because of the known risks, HRT should be used at the lowest effective dose for the shortest amount of time until treatment goals are met. Some antidepressants (e.g., fluoxetine, paroxetine, or venlafaxine) and some anticonvulsant medications, such as gabapentin, may be prescribed for hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms. Although researchers have not proved the effectiveness of herbal compounds and soy products, some women take them for relief of menopausal symptoms. Relaxation techniques, yoga, tai chi, or meditation also help. <br /> <br /> PATIENT CARE<br /> Because women may experience a variety of symptoms during this period of their lives, their nature, severity, and personal impact need to be sensitively addressed by health care professionals. Menopause is a normal phase in the reproductive cycle. The postmenopausal woman should be encouraged to maintain a diet high in calcium, vitamins, and minerals to maintain strong bones. Any vaginal bleeding or spotting that occurs after menopause should be promptly reported and investigated. If a woman is in a sexual relationship, remaining sexually active will help to preserve vaginal elasticity, and lubricants can be used before intercourse to reduce dryness. Performing Kegel exercises strengthens vaginal and pelvic musculature.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha8BuN99fWbx5Ss9-JYc0bKSjKkawyU8QwZ8HS-kpstO8hyphenhyphenEL7f1yLvV0MOWo6W8ywJF7VVw-SfcNfC9TUCi-OMHH_8lPGh9nwUuNFbpeQIO8kurMFgUT4J48BM2Yx16k-FchNFfoukzx-/s1600/Vaginal_Canal_Normal_vs._Menopause.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha8BuN99fWbx5Ss9-JYc0bKSjKkawyU8QwZ8HS-kpstO8hyphenhyphenEL7f1yLvV0MOWo6W8ywJF7VVw-SfcNfC9TUCi-OMHH_8lPGh9nwUuNFbpeQIO8kurMFgUT4J48BM2Yx16k-FchNFfoukzx-/s400/Vaginal_Canal_Normal_vs._Menopause.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #252525; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.3704px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Vaginal canal, normal vs. menopause</span></td></tr> </tbody></table><br /> Artificial menopause<br /> Menopause following oophorectomy (surgical removal of the ovaries), radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. <br /> <br /> Induced menopause<br /> Menopause that occurs after treatments that are toxic to the ovaries (such as cancer chemotherapy) or after surgical removal of the ovaries. <br /> <br /> Male menopause<br /> SEE: climacteric<br /> <br /> Premature menopause<br /> Natural or artificial menopause occurring before age 35. <br /> <br /> Surgical menopause<br /> Menopause that results from oophorectomy (surgical removal of the ovaries). <br /> <br /> Temporary menopause<br /> A brief cessation of menstrual periods followed by resumption of menses. It can be induced by medication, over-zealous exercising or dieting, illness, or other stressors. <br /> <br /> </div>

The period that marks the permanent cessation of menstrual activity, normally occurring in the U.S. between the ages of 40 and 58. Menopause...

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Vaginitis

1. Inflammation of a sheath. <br /> 2. Inflammation of the vagina. <br /> <br /> ETIOLOGY<br /> Inflammation of the vagina may be caused by overgrowth or invasion of organisms such as gonococci, Chlamydiae, Gardnerella vaginalis, staphylococci, streptococci, spirochetes; viruses such as herpes; irritation from chemicals in douching, hygiene sprays, detergents, menstrual products, or toilet tissue; fungal infection (candidiasis) caused by overgrowth of Candida albicans or, less commonly, other candidal species; protozoal infection, e.g., Trichomonas vaginalis; neoplasms of the cervix or vagina; poor hygiene; irritation from foreign bodies, e.g., a pessary or a retained tampon; or vulvar atrophy. Other, rare, causes are parasitic illnesses, or, in malnourished women, pellagra.<br /> <br /> SYMPTOMS<br /> The patient experiences vaginal discharge, sometimes malodorous and occasionally stained with blood; irritation, burning, or itching; increased urinary frequency; and pain during urination or examination. On examination, the vaginal mucous membrane is reddened, and there may be superficial maceration or ulceration. <br /> <br /> TREATMENT<br /> Specific therapy is given as indicated for the underlying cause. Improved perineal hygiene is emphasized by instructing in the proper method of cleaning the anus after a bowel movement, the proper use of menstrual protection materials, and the necessity of drying the vulva following urination.<br /> <br /> PREVENTION<br /> In addition to being taught improved perineal hygiene, patients should be encouraged to wear all-cotton underpants or panties with a cotton crotch area, not to wear underwear to bed, and to avoid tight-fitting pants or panty hose that promote moisture and growth of organisms .<br /> <br /> PATIENT CARE<br /> During examination of the patient, aseptic techniques are used to collect specimens. The health care provider supports the patient throughout the procedures, explaining each procedure and warning the patient of possible discomfort. The patient should be advised that persistent or recurrent candidiasis indicates a need for assessment for pregnancy or diabetes mellitus. If vaginitis is due to a sexually transmitted disease, the sexual partner should receive treatment with the patient to prevent reinfection. Certain sexually transmitted vaginal infections must be reported to local or state public health officials with the patient's known sexual contacts.<br /> <br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh59O_arAipZI793VLmvpJDFDeaJrMadtjPiccX_M5yILOF0gI64opxliS6elvWUmwdvHH1JtBp5PNNYRz-X5gR-czPXcAdDAQelV0Rrs__ZgbMhjxeVdsrkM6fr6udOzV_HV9m-XplT0Sj/s1600/hqdefault.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh59O_arAipZI793VLmvpJDFDeaJrMadtjPiccX_M5yILOF0gI64opxliS6elvWUmwdvHH1JtBp5PNNYRz-X5gR-czPXcAdDAQelV0Rrs__ZgbMhjxeVdsrkM6fr6udOzV_HV9m-XplT0Sj/s320/hqdefault.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /> <br /> <br /> Vaginitis adhaesiva<br /> Inflammation of the vagina causing adhesions between its walls. <br /> <br /> Atrophic vaginitis<br /> Postmenopausal thinning and dryness of the vaginal epithelium related to decreased estrogen levels. <br /> SYN: SEE: postmenopausal vaginitis; SEE: senile vaginitis; SEE: urogenital atrophy<br /> Symptoms include burning and pain during intercourse. Estrogen replacement therapy, hormone replacement therapy, or application of topical estrogen restores the integrity of the vaginal epithelium and supporting tissues and relieves symptoms.<br /> <br /> Candidal vaginitis<br /> A yeast infection caused by Candida albicans. <br /> Symptoms include a thick, curdlike adherent discharge; itching; dysuria; and dyspareunia. The vulva and vagina are bright red. History usually reveals one or more risk factors: use of oral contraceptives or broad-spectrum antibiotics; immune defects; diabetes mellitus; pregnancy; or frequent douching. Diagnosis is established by the presence of hyphe and buds on a wet smear treated with 10% potassium solution, a pH of 4.5 or less, and/or of growth of culture on Nickerson's or Sabouraud's media. Treatment includes topical or oral antifungal agents, or both. Oral fluconazole, given once, or topical applications of miconazole, clotrimazole, butoconazole, or terconazole, given 3 to 7 days, promptly relieve symptoms. Recurrence of symptoms after treatment is often due to presence of candida species other than C. albicans, presence of a mixed infection, or reinfection. Either use of a different agent or a longer course of treatment (14 to 21 days) is indicated, as well as testing for hyperglycemia. <br /> SYN: SEE: moniliasis<br /> <br /> Chlamydial vaginitis<br /> The most common sexually transmitted vaginal infection in the U.S., caused by an obligate intracellular parasite, Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydial infection is also a major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal occlusion, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, nongonococcal urethritis, and ophthalmia neonatorum. Asymptomatic chlamydial infection has been implicated in the development of preterm labor and birth in high-risk women. Patients may be asymptomatic or have a thin or purulent vaginal discharge, dysuria, and/or lower abdominal pain. Diagnosis is established by testing for specific monoclonal antibodies. Doxycycline is the drug of choice, except during pregnancy (it damages fetal bone and tooth formation). During pregnancy the infection is treated with erythromycin or azithromycin.<br /> SEE: Chlamydia<br /> <br /> Diphtheritic vaginitis<br /> Vaginitis with membranous exudate caused by infection with Corynebacterium diphtheriae. <br /> <br /> Emphysematous vaginitis<br /> A rare, benign vaginitis with gas-bubble formation in the vaginal wall. <br /> <br /> Gardnerella vaginalis vaginitis<br /> SEE: Bacterial vaginosis.<br /> <br /> Granular vaginitis<br /> Vaginitis with cellular infiltration and enlargement of papillae. <br /> <br /> Nonspecific vaginitis<br /> A rare vaginitis in which no particular factor or etiological agent is identifiable; a contact-related allergic response may be involved. The inflammation usually resolves spontaneously. Treatments include topical creams and ointments.<br /> SEE: bacterial vaginosis<br /> <br /> DIAGNOSIS<br /> The diagnosis is established when clinical symptoms of vaginitis are present, but no organisms are found in laboratory specimens.<br /> <br /> Postmenopausal vaginitis<br /> SEE: Atrophic vaginitis.<br /> <br /> Senile vaginitis<br /> SEE: Atrophic vaginitis.<br /> <br /> Vaginitis testis<br /> Inflammation of the tunica vaginalis of the testis. <br /> <br /> Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis<br /> Vaginitis caused by flagellate protozoa that infect the vagina, urethra, and Skene's ducts. Although the individual inflammatory response can include severe vulvar irritation and burning, dysuria, dyspareunia, and profuse, thin, frothy, yellow-green to gray discharge, nearly 50% of infected women are asymptomatic. Sixty percent of the sexual partners of infected women share the infection. On inspection, the vulva may appear reddened and edematous. About 10% of infected women exhibit characteristic “strawberry patches” in the upper vagina and upper cervix. Diagnosis is based on seeing the highly motile organism with three to five flagella in a saline wet smear. Oral metronidazole is the organism-specific treatment.<br />

1. Inflammation of a sheath. 2. Inflammation of the vagina. ETIOLOGY Inflammation of the vagina may be caused by overgrowth or invasion ...

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Muscle<br /> A type of tissue composed of contractile cells. Each muscle cell is filled with parallel actin and myosin filaments. When activated by an internal release of calcium, the filaments use the energy in adenosine triphosphate to crawl along each other in opposite directions. This movement shortens the length of the cell, which then contracts.<br /> The three classes of myocytes (muscle cells) are skeletal (striated), cardiac (striated), and smooth; most human muscle is skeletal. A typical muscle has a central portion (the belly) and two or more attachment ends with tendons. The more stationary of the attachments is called the origin; the more movable attachment is called the insertion.<br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiikEekLUK-57_AopZAmFLnJxIt-2K82JegkrTgCjvXsiWezE93NKgwb9v1oSoFqc9mFkCHHR_SHCw5EN2WCl6PszF-vs3bflEMOIWVY34uDf0EzQa5yRgNBSKp2ELBibG2UMkPgJ5f98ox/s1600/repview+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiikEekLUK-57_AopZAmFLnJxIt-2K82JegkrTgCjvXsiWezE93NKgwb9v1oSoFqc9mFkCHHR_SHCw5EN2WCl6PszF-vs3bflEMOIWVY34uDf0EzQa5yRgNBSKp2ELBibG2UMkPgJ5f98ox/s320/repview+%25281%2529.jpg" width="228" /></a><br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKoLqb3x89rogUoJMIYm9aZCjWzJ1hvCILs5KA9XnTmn6CEOulCEV-zVV_qnFcpTBGk6_eF9uEtJhSpRYx30nQR1C0Hd72wGtnRs8PipE0zATaiQcL5IO5dm3ss2tYeC9GVLbHuAXK6xee/s1600/repview+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKoLqb3x89rogUoJMIYm9aZCjWzJ1hvCILs5KA9XnTmn6CEOulCEV-zVV_qnFcpTBGk6_eF9uEtJhSpRYx30nQR1C0Hd72wGtnRs8PipE0zATaiQcL5IO5dm3ss2tYeC9GVLbHuAXK6xee/s320/repview+%25282%2529.jpg" width="314" /></a><br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIdetYR877NKiH6Rnlpx1L8PoWKRwZSS1KTBn2BWPnv6I4GVGFM7R4SARXKOUtuwKXeVZvu-xjd4OajiEUlHyABAWoYcFeVN62M-G2dGRxa6EvsefXPOJqFsaaDh4-99aX8Johj7lijrRU/s1600/repview+%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIdetYR877NKiH6Rnlpx1L8PoWKRwZSS1KTBn2BWPnv6I4GVGFM7R4SARXKOUtuwKXeVZvu-xjd4OajiEUlHyABAWoYcFeVN62M-G2dGRxa6EvsefXPOJqFsaaDh4-99aX8Johj7lijrRU/s320/repview+%25283%2529.jpg" width="244" /></a><br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9VSbGqZeLHED6JQkG5j9Yam80oRbmCk9QrIyILYTMJUQg150ZXuqkcRV6KY6yP2o959WUymYupSvLWL14SmbelXcwtePSJCkeTyLBbT3Sx4SZT14fip_xu4C0m9CCHHlwW8iJ0_xjzw2E/s1600/repview+%25284%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9VSbGqZeLHED6JQkG5j9Yam80oRbmCk9QrIyILYTMJUQg150ZXuqkcRV6KY6yP2o959WUymYupSvLWL14SmbelXcwtePSJCkeTyLBbT3Sx4SZT14fip_xu4C0m9CCHHlwW8iJ0_xjzw2E/s320/repview+%25284%2529.jpg" width="188" /></a><br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBMbiAo-Euk4uj59dp4i9gNkXkqaRq24m5sHN_aDxY3jMEn9jArRUhomd3oz0-8t3Atjmz56DLX5173FTIjKIXxFlyLCc5YIUm2yNHT-nuMKQWblmhspaEzWz7OSvDzptAc5qYzyirBGAV/s1600/repview+%25285%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBMbiAo-Euk4uj59dp4i9gNkXkqaRq24m5sHN_aDxY3jMEn9jArRUhomd3oz0-8t3Atjmz56DLX5173FTIjKIXxFlyLCc5YIUm2yNHT-nuMKQWblmhspaEzWz7OSvDzptAc5qYzyirBGAV/s320/repview+%25285%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /> MUSCLE FIBER <br /> <br /> Comparison of Properties of Three Types of Muscle<br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYrIjdJ_vfEMhAXhvHYtJEPQ_AM99XxXogtfazu1UmpX6WfoXQQHi7TAab3TZp8sm8rF8L71H5VmM29RMQ9Vy7dDKNM5EME3LgbdgmvaEpSvncHhvhy5TQDOEvgLnYgwv6xSsZnVGJ_FYq/s1600/Capture33.PNG" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYrIjdJ_vfEMhAXhvHYtJEPQ_AM99XxXogtfazu1UmpX6WfoXQQHi7TAab3TZp8sm8rF8L71H5VmM29RMQ9Vy7dDKNM5EME3LgbdgmvaEpSvncHhvhy5TQDOEvgLnYgwv6xSsZnVGJ_FYq/s320/Capture33.PNG" width="320" /></a><br /> abdominal muscles<br /> A collective term for the external and internal abdominal oblique, cremaster, iliacus, psoas major (and minor if present), pyramidalis, quadratus lumborum, rectus abdominis, and transversus abdominis. <br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9HMiGhcRC9rWK9-BmDdPIPaEeIqQ-Z5SbW5iX-xZ5HiLqQIkTrgymoqxjUlzaaVqPOQdDA6VdylSYFg6Ufi3jrJaT_SXvsAwNdfAyNpsjlzgAQlizuqnCr9rCrzTuTfvRRh4SuBV7-4rO/s1600/repview+%25286%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9HMiGhcRC9rWK9-BmDdPIPaEeIqQ-Z5SbW5iX-xZ5HiLqQIkTrgymoqxjUlzaaVqPOQdDA6VdylSYFg6Ufi3jrJaT_SXvsAwNdfAyNpsjlzgAQlizuqnCr9rCrzTuTfvRRh4SuBV7-4rO/s320/repview+%25286%2529.jpg" width="272" /></a><br /> <br /> Abducens muscle<br /> abducens oculi Lateral rectus muscle, one of the extraocular muscles. Nerve: cranial nerve (CN VI). In clinical practice, referred to as the lateral rectus muscle.<br /> <br /> Abductor muscle<br /> A muscle that draws a part away from the median plane of the body or the axial line of an extremity. <br /> SEE: adductor muscle<br /> <br /> Abductor digiti minimi muscle<br /> An instrinsic muscle of the hand, located in the hypothenar eminence. Proximal attachment: pisiform. Distal attachment: base of proximal phalanx of digit 5. Innervation: ulnar (C8-T1). Action: abducts digit 5<br /> <br /> Abductor pollicis brevis muscle<br /> An intrinsic muscle of the hand, located in the thenar eminence. Proximal attachment: flexor retinaculum, scaphoid and trapezium. Distal attachment: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb. Innervation: median (C8-T1). Action: abducts thumb, aides in opposition with digit 5. <br /> SEE: armfor illus. (Muscles of the Arm)<br /> <br /> Adductor muscle<br /> A muscle that draws toward the midline. <br /> SEE: abductor muscle<br /> <br /> Adductor brevis muscle<br /> A muscle of the medial thigh originating on the ramus of the pubis and inserted in the linea aspera of the femur. Proximal attachment: ramus of the pubis. Distal attachment: linea aspera of the femur. It adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the thigh and is innervated by the obturator nerve.<br /> <br /> Adductor longus muscle<br /> A muscle of the medial compartment of the thigh. Proximal attachment: pubis. Distal attachment: linea aspera of femur. Nerve: obturator (L2-L4). Action: adducts, flexes, and rotates thigh medially.<br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Adductor magnus muscle<br /> A muscle of the medial and posterior compartments of the thigh. Prproximal attachment: inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium, ischial tuberosity. Distal attachment: linea aspera and adductor tubercle of femur. Nerve: obturator and sciatic. Action: adducts, flexes, and rotates thigh medially. <br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Adductor pollicis muscle<br /> A muscle of the hand.An intrinsic muscle of the hand. Proximal attachment: metacarpals 2-3 and the capitate. Distal attachment: proximal phalanx of digit 1. Nerve: ulnar. Action: adducts thumb.<br /> <br /> Agonist muscle<br /> A muscle whose action is opposed by another muscle (the antagonist muscle) Controlled movements involve two opposing muscles. The agonist muscle produces the main action; the antagonist muscle produces the opposite action to a lesser degree. The balance between agonist and antagonist muscles allows precise control of the final action.<br /> SYN: SEE: antagonist muscle<br /> <br /> Video for PNF Stretching Techniques<br /> v**<br /> Anconeus muscle<br /> A short muscle along the back of and outside the elbow. It originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, crosses the back of the elbow joint on the same side, attaches to the lateral surface of the olecranon process and the adjacent surface of the ulna. It extends the forearm and abducts the elbow as the forearm pronates. It is innervated by the radial nerve (C7, C8, T1).<br /> <br /> Antagonist muscle<br /> SEE: agonist muscle<br /> <br /> Antigravity muscles<br /> The muscles that pull against gravity to maintain normal posture. <br /> SYN: SEE: postural muscles<br /> <br /> Appendicular muscle<br /> Any of the skeletal muscles of the limbs.<br /> <br /> Arrector pili muscle<br /> SEE: Arrector pili.<br /> <br /> Arm muscle<br /> Any of the muscles of the anterior or posterior compartments of the arm: the biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis, and triceps. <br /> SEE: arm for illus. (Muscles of the Arm)<br /> <br /> Articular muscle<br /> A muscle attached to the capsule of a joint.<br /> <br /> Arytenoid muscle<br /> Either of two laryngeal muscles: the oblique and the transverse arytenoid muscles. Origins: arytenoid cartilage. Insertions: contralateral arytenoid cartilage. Nerve: recurrent laryngeal n. Action: closes laryngeal inlet by bringing arytenoid cartilages toward each other.<br /> <br /> Auditory muscles<br /> The tensor tympani and stapedius muscles.<br /> <br /> Axial muscle<br /> A skeletal muscle that moves or stabilizes the head or the trunk.<br /> <br /> Back muscle<br /> Superficial: latissimus dorsi and trapezius muscles. Middle layer: levator scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor muscles. Deep layer: erector spinae and splenius. Deepest layer: interspinalis, intertransverse, multifidus, rotatores, semispinalis, and spinalis capitis.<br /> <br /> Biceps brachii muscle<br /> One of the arm muscles. Proximal attachment: supraglenoid tubercle, coracoid process of scapula. Distal attachment: tuberosity of radius, posterior border of ulna (via bicipital aponeurosis). Innervation: musculocutaneous (C5-C6). Action: flexes forearm, supinates hand.<br /> SEE: arm for illus. (Muscles of the Arm)<br /> <br /> Biceps femoris muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the leg. Origin: ischial tuberosity, linea aspera and second supracondylar ridge of femur. Insertion: lateral condyle of tibia, head of fibula. Nerve: sciatic (L5-S2). Action: flexes leg, rotates leg laterally, extends thigh. <br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Bipennate muscle<br /> A muscle in which the fibers converge from both sides to a central tendon. <br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnbVj06OAwWAfVSucoLNJ-WYhUqJowhCUz234Gxv_wBV71fx733IvlfYnjq9zxIaCztiIRdKt5ehjj7Lk1WHBQYOVqPdmna3JV48coDN61s6zdM899VzpRaJEBtJsJ71dNVrw126flArOX/s1600/repview+%25287%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnbVj06OAwWAfVSucoLNJ-WYhUqJowhCUz234Gxv_wBV71fx733IvlfYnjq9zxIaCztiIRdKt5ehjj7Lk1WHBQYOVqPdmna3JV48coDN61s6zdM899VzpRaJEBtJsJ71dNVrw126flArOX/s320/repview+%25287%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /> brachialis muscle<br /> One of the arm muscles. Origin: anterior surface of lower (distal) humerus. Insertion: coronoid process of ulna. Nerve: musculocutaneous and radial (C5-C7). Action: flexes forearm.<br /> SEE: arm for illus. (Muscles of the Arm)<br /> <br /> Brachioradialis muscle<br /> A muscle lying on the lateral side of the arm and forearm. It flexes the forearm. Innervation is by the radial nerve. Proximal attachment is the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus, distal attachment is the styloid process of the radius.<br /> SEE: arm for illus. (Muscles of the Arm)<br /> <br /> Buccinator muscle<br /> One of the facial muscles. Origin: pterygomandibular raphe and alveolar processes of jaws. Insertion: orbicularis oris muscle at angle of mouth. Nerve: facial (CN VII). Action: compresses check against teeth, retracts angle of mouth.<br /> <br /> bulbocavernosus muscle<br /> bulbocavernous muscle<br /> SEE: bulbocavernosus<br /> <br /> bulbospongiosus muscle<br /> SEE: Bulbocavernosus.<br /> <br /> Cardiac muscle<br /> The muscle tissue of the heart. This muscle is packed with mitochondria and contains actin and myosin filaments arranged in myofibrils (cylindrical bundles). In each cell, all the myofibrils are aligned in the same direction and are parceled into longitudinal blocks of similar length (sarcomeres). Microscopically, the ends of the blocks appear as lines, which make the cardiac muscle cells appear to have regular striations. In the muscle tissue, the cardiac muscle cells are connected in branching networks. <br /> Cardiac muscle is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. Cardiac muscle is stimulated by bloodborne molecules, can conduct electrical impulses from cell to cell via intercalated disks, and can independently generate rhythmical contractions.<br /> SEE TABLE: Comparison of Properties of Three Types of Muscle<br /> <br /> Chest wall muscle<br /> Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, subclavius, subscapularis, or teres major muscle.<br /> <br /> Chewing muscle<br /> SEE: Mastication muscle.<br /> <br /> Ciliary muscle<br /> An internal muscle of the eye. Origin: edges of sclera. Insertion: ciliary process of lens. Nerve: oculomotor (CN III). Action: allows lens to become more curved to focus on near objects.<br /> <br /> Constrictor muscle of pharynx<br /> A muscle that constricts the pharynx; it is important for swallowing.<br /> <br /> Core muscle<br /> Any of the major muscles that stabilizes and controls the pressure inside the trunk; these are the pelvic floor, abdominal wall, back, and diaphragm muscles.<br /> <br /> Corrugator muscle<br /> One of the facial muscles. Origin: medial part of supraorbital margin. Insertion: skin above middle of eyebrow. Nerve: facial (CN VII). Action: pulls eyebrows toward midline and downward.<br /> SYN: SEE: Corrugator supercilii<br /> <br /> Cremaster muscle<br /> Spermatic cord muscle. Origin: inguinal ligament and pubic tubercle. Insertion: cremasteric fascia covering spermatic cord. Nerve: genitofemoral (L1-L2). Action: elevates the testis.<br /> SEE: penis for illus.<br /> <br /> Cricoarytenoid muscle<br /> Either of two laryngeal muscles: the lateral or the posterior. Origin: cricoid cartilage. Insertion: muscular process of arytenoid cartilage. Nerve: recurrent laryngeal of the vagus (CN X). Action: rotates arytenoid cartilages for vocalizations.<br /> <br /> Cricothyroid muscle<br /> One of the laryngeal muscles. Origin: cricoid cartilage. Insertion: lower edges of thyroid cartilage. Nerve: superior laryngeal of the vagus (CN X). Action: tenses (stretches) vocal cords <br /> SEE: thyroidfor illus<br /> <br /> Deep neck muscle<br /> Any of the various neck muscles that surround the vertebral column and base of the skull and which are contained in the prevertebral cylinder of deep cervical fascia. All these muscles are innervated by cervical spinal nerves, and most of these muscles act primarily to move and stabilize the head.<br /> <br /> Deltoid muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the shoulder. Origin: a bony ellipse from the lateral third of the clavicle over the acromial process and along the spine of the scapula. Insertion: deltoid tuberosity on the lateral shaft of the humerus. Nerve: axillary (C5-C6). Action: abducts arm.<br /> SEE: arm for illus. (Muscles of the Arm)<br /> <br /> Detrusor muscle<br /> The three-layered muscular wall of the urinary bladder. Nerve: primarily parasympathetic (S2-S4), secondarily sympathetic (T11-L2). Action: empties bladder.<br /> <br /> Diaphragm muscle<br /> Origin: internal surfaces of lower six ribs, xiphoid process, vertebral bodies L1-L3. Insertion: central tendon (of diaphragm). Nerve: phrenic, lower six intercostals. Action: inflates lungs<br /> <br /> Digastric muscle<br /> A neck muscle with two bellies. Origin: anterior belly attaches to the digastric fossa in mandible at base of anterior midline, posterior belly attaches to mastoid process. Insertion: tendon connecting both bellies in a loop of fascia that is attached to hyoid bone. Nerve: anterior belly -- trigeminal (CN V), posterior belly -- facial (CN VII). Action: lowers mandible and raises hyoid bone.<br /> SEE: neck for illus.<br /> <br /> Erector spinae muscle<br /> Any of three adjacent vertical bands of deep back muscles: the iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis muscles. Origins: a wide tendon running along the iliac crest to the sacrum, the lower lumbar and sacral spinous processes. Insertions: along the back in the angles of the lower ribs, transverse processes of the thoracic and cervical vertebrae. Nerves: dorsal rami of the spinal nerves. Actions: extends (bends backward) the vertebral column and neck, twists the back.<br /> <br /> Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the forearm. Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus, proximal edge of ulna. Insertion: proximal end of fifth metacarpal. Nerve: radial (C7-C8). Action: adducts hand, extends wrist.<br /> SEE: arm for illus. (Muscles of the Arm)<br /> <br /> Extensor digitorum muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the forearm. Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus. Insertion: common extensor tendon of fingers. Nerve: radial (C7-C8). Action: extends fingers and wrist.<br /> SEE: arm for illus. (Muscles of the Arm)<br /> <br /> Extensor digitorum brevis muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the foot. Origin: dorsolateral surface of calcaneus. Insertion: extensor tendons of toes. Nerve: deep peroneal (S1-S2). Action: extends toes. <br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Extensor digitorum longus muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the foot. Origin: lateral condyle of tibia, upper three-fourths of fibula. Insertion: extensor tendons of toes 2-5. Nerve: deep peroneal (L5-S1). Action: extends toes, dorsiflexes foot.<br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Extensor hallucis longus muscle<br /> A muscle of the foot. Origin: middle of fibula. Insertion: base of proximal phalanx of big toe. Nerve: deep peroneal (S1-S2). Action: dorsiflexes big toe.<br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> External intercostal muscles<br /> The outer layer of muscles between the ribs, originating on the lower margin of each rib and inserted on the upper margin of the next rib. During inspiration, they draw adjacent ribs together, pulling them upward and outward, and increasing the volume of the chest cavity. They are controlled by the intercostal nerves.<br /> <br /> External oblique muscle<br /> A muscle of the abdominal wall. Origin: lower costal margin. Insertion: anterior half of iliac crest, rectus sheath, inguinal ligament. Nerve: intercostals 8-12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal (L1). Action: tenses and compresses abdomen, flexes and laterally rotates spine, lowers rib cage.<br /> <br /> External pterygoid muscle<br /> SEE: Lateral pterygoid muscle.<br /> <br /> Extraocular muscle<br /> ABBR: EOM Any of six muscles that attach outside the eyeball and move the eye in its socket. The EOM are the inferior and superior oblique muscles, and the lateral, medial, inferior, and superior rectus muscles.<br /> SEE: extraocular for illus.<br /> <br /> Extrinsic muscle<br /> ABBR: EM Any of the muscles outside an organ that control its position, of the eye or tongue.<br /> <br /> Muscle of facial expression<br /> Any of the the thin muscles that insert into the skin of the face and are innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII). Scalp: frontalis and occipitalis muscles. Ear: anterior, posterior, and superior auricular muscles. Eye: orbicularis oculi. Nose: depressor septi, nasalis, and procerus muscles. Mouth: buccinator, depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris, mentalis, orbicularis oris, risorius, and zygomaticus muscle. Neck: platysma. <br /> SYN: SEE: mimetic muscle<br /> SEE: face and SEE: headfor illus.<br /> <br /> Fibularis muscles<br /> The current name for the peroneus muscles.<br /> <br /> Fibularis longus muscle<br /> SEE: Peroneus longus muscle.<br /> <br /> Fixation muscle<br /> A muscle that steadies a part so that more precise movements in a related structure may be accomplished.<br /> <br /> Flexor carpi radialis muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the forearm. Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus. Insertion: bases of second and third metacarpals. Nerve: median (C6-C7). Action: abducts hand, flexes wrist. <br /> SEE: Arm, muscles of the arm (illus.)<br /> <br /> Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the forearm. Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, medial side of olecranon, proximal posterior edge of ulna. Insertion: pisiform, hamate, and base of fifth metacarpal. Nerve: ulnar (C7-C8). Action: adducts hand, flexes wrist.<br /> <br /> Flexor digitorum longus muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the foot. Origin: posterior surface of middle tibia. Insertion: distal phalanges of toes 2-5. Nerve: tibial (S2-S3). Action: flexes toes 2-5, plantarflexes foot.<br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Flexor digitorum profundus muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the forearm. Origin: proximal three fourths of ulna. Insertion: distal phalanges of fingers (digits 2-5). Nerve: ulnar, median (C8-T1). Action: flexes distal finger joints, aids in wrist flexion.<br /> <br /> Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the forearm. Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna. Insertion: middle phalanges of fingers (digits 2-5). Nerve: median (C7-T1). Action: flexes fingers and wrist.<br /> SEE: arm for illus. (Muscles of the Arm)<br /> <br /> Flexor hallucis longus muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the foot. Origin: distal two thirds of posterior tibia. Insertion: plantar side of distal phalanx of big toe. Nerve: tibial (S2-S3). Action: flexes big toe, plantarflexes foot.<br /> <br /> Flexor pollicis brevis muscle<br /> A muscle of the hand originating on the flexor retinaculum and trapezium, trapezoid, and capitate and inserted on the lateral side of the base of the first phalanx of the thumb. It flexes the thumb at both the carpometacarpal joint and the metacarpophalangeal joint and is controlled by the median and the ulnar nerves.<br /> <br /> Flexor pollicis longus muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the forearm. Origin: coronoid process of ulna, anterior surface of radius. Insertion: distal phalanx of thumb. Nerve: median (C8-T1). Action: flexes thumb.<br /> SEE: arm for illus. (Muscles of the Arm)<br /> <br /> Foot muscle<br /> Dorsal: dorsal interosseous, extensor digitorum brevis, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and tibialis anterior muscles. Plantar: abductor digiti minimi, abductor hallucis, adductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor digiti minimi brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, lumbrical, plantar interosseous, and quadratus plantae muscles. <br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Frontalis muscle<br /> The front half of occipitofrontalis muscle, one of the facial muscles. Origin: epicranial (scalp) aponeurosis. Insertion: skin of eyebrows, root of nose. Nerve: facial (CN VII). Action: elevates eyebrows, wrinkles forehead.<br /> SEE: face and SEE: head for illus.<br /> <br /> Fusiform muscle<br /> A muscle resembling a spindle. <br /> SEE: bipennate muscle for illus.<br /> <br /> Gastrocnemius muscle<br /> One of the leg muscles. Origin: medial condyle of femur, lateral condyle of femur. Insertion: calcaneus (via the Achilles tendon). Nerve: tibial (S1-S2). Action: plantarflexes foot, flexes knee.<br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Gemellus muscle<br /> Either of the two muscles that attach to the medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur (the trochanteric fossa) where they mesh with the tendon of the obturator internus muscle. The superior gemellus muscle arises from the ischial spine and is innervated by the nerve to the obturator internus; the inferior arises from the ischial tuberosity and is innervated by the femoral nerve. Both muscles hold the head of the femur in the acetabulum, rotate (laterally) the thigh in extension, and abduct the thigh when it is flexed.<br /> <br /> Genioglossus muscle<br /> A muscle of the tongue. Origin: genial tubercle on inside of mandibular symphysis. Insertion: ventral tongue, hyoid bone. Nerve: hypoglossal (CN XII). Action: protrudes and depresses tongue.<br /> <br /> Gluteus maximus muscle<br /> One of the thigh muscles. Origin: upper outer edge of ilium and sacrum. Insertion: iliotibial tract of fascia lata, gluteal tuberosity of femur. Nerve: inferior gluteal (L5-S2). Action: extends, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh.<br /> <br /> Gluteus medius muscle<br /> One of the thigh muscles. Origin: lower half of ilium. Insertion: proximal medial tibia. Nerve: obturator (L2-L3). Action: adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh.<br /> <br /> Gracilis muscle<br /> One of the thigh muscles. Origin: lower half of pubis. Insertion: proximal medial tibia. Nerve: obturator (L2-L3). Action: adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh.<br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Hamstring muscle<br /> Any of the posterior muscles of the thigh that originate on the ischial tuberosity and act across both the hip and knee joints; they are the biceps femoris, gracilis, sartorius, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles.<br /> <br /> Hand muscles<br /> Abductor digiti minimi, abductor pollicis brevis, adductor pollicis, dorsal interosseous, flexor digiti minimi, flexor pollicis brevis, lumbrical, opponens digiti minimi, opponens pollicis, palmaris brevis, and palmar interosseous muscles.<br /> <br /> Hilton muscle<br /> SEE: Hilton, John<br /> <br /> Hyoglossus muscle<br /> A sheet of muscle extending up from the hyoid bone to the ipsilateral base and sides of the tongue. It depresses the sides of the tongue and is innervated by cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve).<br /> <br /> Iliacus muscle<br /> One of the thigh muscles. Origin: iliac fossa. Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur, psoas major tendon. Nerve: femoral (L2-L3). Action: flexes thigh.<br /> <br /> Iliopsoas muscle<br /> The iliacus and psoas major muscles considered together. <br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Inferior oblique muscle<br /> An extraocular muscle. Origin: inside front lower margin of maxillary part of orbit. Insertion: lateral surface of eyeball behind its equator. Nerve: oculomotor (CN III). Action: turns eye up and outward with lateral rotation.<br /> SEE: extraocular for illus.<br /> <br /> Inferior rectus muscle<br /> An extraocular muscle. Origin: tendinous ring around optic nerve at rear of orbit. Insertion: lower edge of eyeball in front of its equator. Nerve: oculomotor (CN III). Action: turns eye down and medially.<br /> SEE: extraocular for illus.<br /> <br /> Infraspinatus muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the shoulder. Origin: medial two-thirds of infraspinatus fossa of scapula. Insertion: posterior side of greater tubercle of humerus. Nerve: suprascapular (C4-C6). Action: rotates arm laterally.<br /> <br /> Internal intercostal muscles<br /> The muscles between the ribs, lying beneath the external intercostals. During expiration, they pull the ribs downward and inward, decreasing the volume of the chest cavity and contributing to a forced exhalation.<br /> <br /> Internal pterygoid muscle<br /> SEE: Medial pterygoid muscle.<br /> <br /> Intrinsic muscle<br /> A muscle that has both its origin and insertion within a structure, as intrinsic muscles of the tongue, eye, hand, or foot.<br /> <br /> Involuntary muscle<br /> A muscle not under conscious control: smooth, cardiac, and some skeletal muscles.<br /> <br /> Laryngeal muscle<br /> Any of six short muscles inside the larynx that move the vocal apparatus and (except for the cricothyroid muscle) are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X).<br /> <br /> Lateral pterygoid muscle<br /> One of the muscles for chewing. Origin: greater wing of sphenoid bone, lateral pterygoid plate. Insertion: pterygoid fovea of condyle of mandible. Nerve: trigeminal (CN V). Action: opens mouth, protrudes mandible. <br /> SYN: SEE: external pterygoid muscle<br /> SEE: arm for illus.<br /> <br /> Lateral rectus muscle<br /> An extraocular muscle. Origin: tendinous ring around optic nerve at rear of orbit. Insertion: temporal edge of eyeball in front of its equator. Nerve: abducens (CN VI). Action: turns eye laterally.<br /> SEE: extraocular for illus.<br /> <br /> Latissimus dorsi muscle<br /> Back muscle. Origin: spinous processes of vertebrae T7-S3, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest. Insertion: bicipital groove of humerus. Nerve: thoracodorsal (C6-C8). Action: adducts, extends, and medially rotates arm.<br /> <br /> Leg muscles<br /> Anterior and lateral: extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, peroneus, peroneus longus, peroneus tertius, and tibialis anterior muscles. Posterior: flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, gastrocnemius, plantaris, popliteus, soleus, and tibialis posterior muscles. <br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Levator ani muscle<br /> The set of pelvic floor muscles, which include the iliococcygeus, levator prostatae or vaginal sphincter, pubococcygeus, and puborectalis muscles. Origins: insides of pelvic bones (pubis, arcus tendinaeus, ischial spine, and sacrospinous ligament). Insertions: perineal body, coccyx, anococcygeal ligament, lower sacrum. Nerve: perineal of spinal S4, pudendal. Action: supports pelvic viscera, contributes to urethral, vaginal, and anal sphincter actions.<br /> <br /> Levator palpebrae muscle<br /> Eyelid muscle. Origin: inner roof of orbit. Insertion: skin and tarsal plate of upper eyelid. Nerve: oculomotor (CN III). Action: raises upper eyelid.<br /> SEE: extraocular for illus.<br /> <br /> Lumbrical muscle<br /> Any of the muscles of the hand and foot. Origins: tendons of flexor digitorum profundus or flexor digitorum longus. Insertions: extensor tendons of digits 2-5. Nerve, hand: median (C8-T1), ulnar (C8-T1). Nerve, foot: medial plantar (S2-S3), lateral plantar (S2-S3). Action: flex the straightened digits (specifically, flex the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints while extending the interphalangeal joints).<br /> <br /> Masseter muscle<br /> One of the muscles for chewing. Origin: zygomatic process of maxilla, zygomatic arch. Insertion: coronoid process, lower half of ramus, and angle of mandible. Nerve: trigeminal (CN V). Action: elevates mandible to close jaw.<br /> SEE: headfor illus.<br /> <br /> Mastication muscle<br /> Any of the muscles for chewing, which are innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). These muscles include the masseter, temporalis, and medial and lateral pterygoid muscles.<br /> SYN: SEE: chewing muscle<br /> <br /> Medial pterygoid muscle<br /> One of the muscles for chewing. Origin: lateral pterygoid plate. Insertion: medial surface of ramus and angle of mandible. Nerve: trigeminal (CN V). Action: closes mouth, protrudes mouth, moves jaw sideways.<br /> SYN: SEE: internal pterygoid muscle<br /> <br /> Medial rectus muscle<br /> An extraocular muscle. Origin: tendinous ring around optic nerve at rear of orbit. Insertion: nasal edge of eyeball in front of its equator. Nerve: oculomotor (CN III). Action: turns eye medially.<br /> <br /> Mentalis muscle<br /> One of the facial muscles. Origin: incisive fossa at front of mandible. Insertion: skin of chin. Nerve: facial (CN VII). Action: raises and protrudes lower lip.<br /> SEE: face and SEE: headfor illus.<br /> <br /> Mimetic muscle<br /> SEE: Muscle of facial expression.<br /> <br /> Multipennate muscle<br /> A muscle with several tendons of origin and several tendons of insertion, in which fibers pass obliquely from a tendon of origin to a tendon of insertion on each side. <br /> SEE: bipennate muscle for illus.<br /> <br /> Mylohyoid muscle<br /> Neck muscle. Origin: mylohyoid line of mandible. Insertion: hyoid bone, mylohyoid raphe. Nerve: trigeminal (CN V). Action: elevates hyoid and larynx, lowers jaw.<br /> <br /> Nasalis muscle.<br /> The major muscle of the nose and a muscle of facial expression.<br /> <br /> Neck muscle<br /> Anterior and lateral: digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, omohyoid, platysma, sternocleidomastoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, stylohyoid, and thyrohyoid muscles. Posterior: levator scapulae, scalene muscles, and trapezius. Suboccipital: obliquus capitis and rectus capitis muscles. <br /> SEE: head for illus.<br /> <br /> Nonstriated muscle<br /> SEE: Smooth muscle.<br /> <br /> Obturator muscle<br /> Either of the two muscles on each side of the pelvic region that rotate the thighs outward.<br /> <br /> Opponens pollicis muscle<br /> A muscle of the hand originating on the trapezium and flexor retinaculum and inserted in the first metacarpal. It flexes and adducts the thumb (brings it across the palm) and is controlled by the median nerve.<br /> <br /> Orbicular muscle<br /> A muscle encircling an opening.<br /> <br /> Orbicularis oculi muscle<br /> Facial muscle. Origin: completely surrounds eye, attaches to medial palpebral ligament (and adjacent bones) and lacrimal crest (and adjacent bones). Insertion: medial palpebral raphe (after encircling orbit), lateral palpebral raphe, tarsi of eyelids. Nerve: facial (CN VII) Action: closes eyelids, lifts cheeks, compresses lacrimal sac. <br /> SEE: face and SEE: head for illus.<br /> <br /> Orbicularis oris muscle<br /> Facial muscle. Origin: adjacent facial muscles that surround mouth. Insertion: into itself and skin of lips while encircling mouth. Nerve: facial (CN VII). Action: closes and purses lips.<br /> SEE: face and SEE: headfor illus.<br /> <br /> Muscle of the palate<br /> Levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, pharyngeal constrictor, salpingopharyngeus, and tensor veli palatine muscles.<br /> <br /> Palmaris longus muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the forearm. Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus. Insertion: palmar surface of flexor retinaculum, palmar aponeurosis. Nerve: median (C7-C8). Action: flexes hand. <br /> SEE: arm for illus. (Muscles of the Arm)<br /> <br /> Papillary muscle<br /> Any of the internal conical heart muscles. Origin: ventricular wall. Insertion: tricuspid and mitral valve leaflets via chordae tendinae. Action: anchor leaflets of valves during heart contractions.<br /> <br /> Pectinate muscle<br /> A ridge of myocardium on the inner wall of either atrium of the heart.<br /> <br /> Pectoralis major muscle<br /> Chest wall muscle. Origin: medial half of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages 4-6. Insertion: lateral edge of bicipital groove of humerus. Nerve: lateral and medial pectoral (C5-T1). Action: adducts and medially rotates arm.<br /> <br /> Pectoralis minor muscle<br /> Chest wall muscle. Origin: Anterior medial surface of ribs 3-5. Insertion: coracoid process of scapula. Nerve: lateral and medial pectoral (C6-C8). Action: pulls shoulder forward and down, elevates rib cage.<br /> <br /> Peroneus longus muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the leg Origin: lateral two thirds of fibula. Insertion: medial cuneiform bone, base of first metatarsal. Nerve: superficial peroneal (L5-S1). Action: everts and plantar flexes foot.<br /> SYN: SEE: fibularis longus muscle<br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Pharynx and tongue muscle<br /> Cricothyroid, genioglossus, geniohyoid, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, pharyngeal constrictor, styloglossus, stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, and thyrohyoid muscles.<br /> <br /> Piriformis muscle<br /> One of the thigh muscles. Origin: anterior surface of sacrum. Insertion: upper part of greater trochanter of femur. Nerve: spinal L5-S2. Action: laterally rotates thigh.<br /> <br /> Platysma muscle<br /> A muscle of the neck and face. Origin: superficial fascia of upper chest. Insertion: skin of lower face. Nerve: facial (CN VII). Action: lowers jaw, widens neck.<br /> SEE: face and SEE: headfor illus.<br /> <br /> Postaxial muscle<br /> A muscle on the posterior or dorsal aspect of a limb.<br /> <br /> Postural muscles<br /> SEE: Antigravity muscles.<br /> <br /> Preaxial muscle<br /> A muscle on the anterior or ventral aspect of a limb.<br /> <br /> Procerus muscle<br /> A muscle that arises in the skin over the nose and is connected to the forehead. It acts to draw the eyebrows down.<br /> <br /> Pronator teres muscle<br /> Arm muscle. Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna. Insertion: lateral side of middle of radius. Nerve: median (C6-C7). Action: pronates forearm.<br /> <br /> Psoas major muscle<br /> One of the thigh muscles. Origin: bodies of vertebrae T12-L1. Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur. Nerve: lumbar L1-L3. Action: flexes thigh.<br /> <br /> Pterygoid muscle<br /> The lateral or the medial pterygoid muscle.<br /> <br /> Puborectalis muscle<br /> Pelvic muscle, part of levator ani. Origin: back surface of pubis. Insertion: joins other levator ani muscles forming a bowl shaped diaphragm, encircles anal canal, and attaches to sacrum and coccyx. Nerve: inferior rectal and sacral (S4). Action: supports pelvis, holds anal canal at right angle to rectum.<br /> <br /> Quadriceps muscle<br /> The rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medius muscles together.<br /> <br /> Rectus abdominis muscle<br /> Abdominal wall muscle. Origin: crest and symphysis of pubis. Insertion: xiphoid process, costal cartilages 5-7. Nerve: spinal T7-T12. Action: tenses abdomen, flexes vertebral column.<br /> <br /> Rectus femoris muscle<br /> One of the thigh muscles. Origin: anterior inferior iliac spine, upper edge of acetabulum. Insertion: tibial tuberosity (via the patellar ligament). Nerve: femoral (L2-L4). Action: extends leg, flexes thigh. <br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Red muscle<br /> Twitch skeletal muscle cells containing myoglobin and many mitochondria. These cells largely generate energy via aerobic oxidation and are suited for maintaining contractions for an extended time.<br /> <br /> Muscle of respiration<br /> Any of the muscles used in breathing, including the diaphragm, the muscles of the rib cage, and the abdominal muscles. <br /> SEE: diaphragm; SEE: expiration; SEE: inspiration<br /> <br /> Rhomboid muscle<br /> The major or the minor rhomboid muscle, two of the many shoulder muscles. Origins: nuchal ligament, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T5. Insertion: vertebral edge of scapula. Nerve: dorsal scapular (C4-C5). Action: pulls scapulae toward each other.<br /> SEE: illus. (Muscles of the Trunk)<br /> <br /> Rotator cuff muscle<br /> Any of the muscles of the shoulder that hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa of the scapula. These muscles are the infraspinatus, subscapularis, supraspinatus, and teres minor muscles<br /> <br /> Sartorius muscle<br /> One of the thigh muscles. Origin: anterior superior iliac spine. Insertion: medial side of proximal tibia. Nerve: femoral (L2-L3). Action: flexes thigh and leg, laterally rotates thigh. <br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Scalene muscle<br /> The anterior, the middle, or the posterior scalene muscle -- neck muscles. Origins: transverse processes of vertebrae C1-C7. Insertions: upper surfaces of ribs 1-2. Nerves: cervical spinal C4-C8. Actions: raises ribs 1-2, bends neck ipsilaterally.<br /> <br /> Semimembranosus muscle<br /> One of the thigh muscles. Origin: ischial tuberosity. Insertion: medial condyle of tibia. Nerve: sciatic (L5-S2). Action: extends thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg. <br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Semitendinosus muscle<br /> One of the thigh muscles. Origin: ischial tuberosity. Insertion: upper medial tibia near tuberosity. Nerve: sciatic L5-S2). Action: extends thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg. <br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Serratus muscle<br /> Any of several muscles arising from the ribs or vertebrae by separate slips.<br /> <br /> Serratus anterior muscle<br /> Chest muscle. Origin: outer surface of ribs 1-8. Insertion: anterior side of vertebral edge of scapula. Nerve: long thoracic (C5-C7). Action: pulls scapula forward (anterior) and laterally (abduction), rotates scapula upward.<br /> <br /> Shoulder muscle<br /> Deltoid, infraspinatus, subscapularis, supraspinatus, teres major and teres minor muscles.<br /> <br /> Skeletal muscle<br /> A tissue composed of muscle cells (often multinucleated) that contain neatly packed actin and myosin filaments; these filaments are arranged in cylindrical bundles called myofibrils. In each cell, the myofibrils are all aligned in the same direction and are parceled into longitudinal blocks (called sarcomeres) of similar lengths. Under the microscope, the ends of the blocks look like lines, making skeletal muscle cells appear to have regularly arranged striations.<br /> Skeletal muscle is innervated by somatic (as opposed to autonomic) motor axons at a synaptic structure called a motor endplate, where acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter. Most skeletal muscles can be controlled consciously, and skeletal muscle is sometimes referred to as voluntary muscle. Skeletal muscle cells contract more forcefully than smooth or cardiac muscle cells.<br /> <br /> Skeletal muscle got its name because it usually attaches at one end to bone. Skeletal muscle is by far the most common type of muscle in the body and it plays a major role in normal metabolism, e.g., after a meal, excess glucose is removed from the blood stream primarily by skeletal muscle.<br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq7lpwKCDWc44nkddUyTFGU3ADQSGNK4R02fOcg37Go3Io1v0H3PKKMk6jjLW2kj0mToCSOk0zA6nKQChu0-xWQPFfZBvPOUCa-7Y8CJaiHuZpK7TRMq0mxPl8d5QtSICB-Fv1poPyxRQq/s1600/repview+%25288%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq7lpwKCDWc44nkddUyTFGU3ADQSGNK4R02fOcg37Go3Io1v0H3PKKMk6jjLW2kj0mToCSOk0zA6nKQChu0-xWQPFfZBvPOUCa-7Y8CJaiHuZpK7TRMq0mxPl8d5QtSICB-Fv1poPyxRQq/s320/repview+%25288%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /> Smooth muscle<br /> A tissue composed of muscle cells that contain loosely organized actin and myosin filaments. The lack of tight organization means that smooth muscle cells do not appear striated when examined under a microscope. Smooth muscle tissue tends to occur as sheets and is typically found in the walls of tubes, e.g., arteries, and sacs, e.g., the gastrointestinal system. <br /> Smooth muscles are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic motor axons; they are also stimulated by bloodborne molecules. Smooth muscles cannot be consciously controlled, and this form of muscle tissue is called involuntary muscle. Smooth muscle cells contract more slowly than skeletal or cardiac muscle cells.<br /> <br /> SYN: SEE: nonstriated muscle; SEE: unstriated muscle. SEE TABLE: Comparison of Properties of Three Types of Muscle<br /> <br /> Soleus muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the leg. Origin: proximal ends of tibia and fibula. Insertion: calcaneus via Achilles tendon. Nerve: tibial (S1-S2). Action: plantarflexes foot.<br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Somatic muscle<br /> Muscle derived from mesodermal somites, including most skeletal muscle.<br /> <br /> Sphincter muscle<br /> A muscle that encircles a duct, tube, or orifice, thus controlling its opening.<br /> <br /> Sphincter muscle of urinary bladder<br /> The smooth muscle fibers around the origin of the urethra. Contraction of this muscle prevents urination; relaxation permits it.<br /> <br /> Stabilizer muscle<br /> A muscle that supports a body segment so muscles attached to it can function.<br /> <br /> Stapedius muscle<br /> Middle ear muscle. Origin: posterior wall of middle ear. Insertion: neck of stapes. Nerve: facial (CN VII). Action: tilts stapes, dampens excessive vibrations.<br /> <br /> Sternocleidomastoid muscle<br /> Neck muscle. Origin: upper edge of manubrium, middle of upper clavicle. Insertion: mastoid process. Nerve: accessory (CN XI), spinal C2. Action: contralaterally rotates head.<br /> SEE: face and SEE: headfor illus.<br /> <br /> Striated muscle<br /> SEE TABLE: Comparison of Properties of Three Types of Muscle<br /> <br /> Subscapularis muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the shoulder. Origin: medial subscapular fossa. Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus. Nerve: upper and lower subscapular (C5-C7). Action: medially rotates arm.<br /> <br /> Superior oblique muscle<br /> An extraocular muscle. Origin: sphenoid bone deep in medial side of orbit. Insertion: lateral surface of eyeball behind its equator. Nerve: trochlear (CN IV). Action: turns eye down and outward with medial rotation.<br /> <br /> Superior rectus muscle<br /> An extraocular muscle. Origin: tendinous ring around optic nerve at rear of orbit. Insertion: upper edge of eyeball in front of its equator. Nerve: oculomotor (CN III). Action: turns eye up and medially. <br /> SEE: extraocular for illus.<br /> <br /> Supraspinatus muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the shoulder. Origin: medial supraspinous fossa of scapula. Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus. Nerve: suprascapular (C4-C6). Action: abducts arm.<br /> <br /> Synergistic muscles<br /> Muscles aiding one another in function.<br /> <br /> Temporalis muscle<br /> One of the muscles for chewing. Origin: temporal fossa of skull. Insertion: coronoid process of mandible. Nerve: trigeminal (CN V). Action: closes mouth, clenches teeth, retracts jaw.<br /> SEE: headfor illus.<br /> <br /> Tensor fascia lata muscle<br /> One of the thigh muscles. Origin: iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine. Insertion: iliotibial tract of fascia lata. Nerve: superior gluteal (L4-L5). Action: stabilizes (abducts) thigh, extends and laterally rotates leg.<br /> <br /> Tensor tympani muscle<br /> Middle ear muscle. Origin: wall of auditory tube. Insertion: handle of malleus. Nerve: trigeminal (CN V). Action: tenses tympanic membrane, dampens excessive vibrations.<br /> <br /> Teres major muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the shoulder. Origin: lower lateral edge of scapula. Insertion: bicipital groove of humerus. Nerve: lower scapular (C6-C7). Action: adducts and medially rotates arm.<br /> <br /> Teres minor muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the shoulder. Origin: upper lateral edge of scapula. Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus. Nerve: axillary (C4-C6). Action: laterally rotates arm.<br /> <br /> Thenar muscle<br /> The abductor or flexor muscle of the thumb.<br /> <br /> Thigh muscle<br /> Anterior: iliopsoas, quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medius), and sartorius muscles. Medial: adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis, and pectineus muscles. Gluteal region: gemelli, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, obturator externus, obturator, internus, piriformis, quadratus femoris, and tensor fasciae lata muscles. Posterior: biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus muscles. <br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Thyroepiglottic muscle<br /> A muscle arising on the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage. It extends upward and backward and is inserted on the epiglottis. It depresses the epiglottis.<br /> <br /> Tibialis anterior muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the leg. Origin: lateral side of proximal tibia. Insertion: medial side of cuneiform bone, base of metatarsal 1. Nerve: deep peroneal (L4-L5). Action: inverts and dorsiflexes foot.<br /> <br /> Tibialis posterior muscle<br /> One of the muscles of the leg. Origin: anterior tibia and fibula. Insertion: navicular, cuneiform, and cuboid bones; metatarsals 2-4. Nerve: tibial (L4-L5). Action: inverts and plantarflexes foot.<br /> <br /> Tonic muscle<br /> A muscle whose fibers contract slowly and cannot propagate an action potential along their cell membranes. Tonic muscles are uncommon in humans and are found only in the extraocular muscles, stapedius muscle, and intrafusal fibers of the muscle spindles. The remainder of human skeletal muscle contains only twitch fibers.<br /> <br /> Trapezius muscle<br /> A muscle of the neck and back. Origin: occipital bone (superior nuchal line), nuchal ligament, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12. Insertion: posterior edge of lateral clavicle, acromion, posterior edge of spine of scapula. Nerve: accessory (CN XI), spinal C3-C4. Action: elevates, retracts, and rotates scapula. <br /> SEE: face and SEE: headfor illus.<br /> <br /> Triangular muscle<br /> A flat muscle with a broad origin and narrow insertion.<br /> <br /> Triceps muscle<br /> One of the arm muscles. Origin: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, posterior of proximal humerus, posterior of distal humerus. Insertion: olecranon process. Nerve: radial (C6-C8). Action: extends forearm. <br /> SYN: SEE: triceps brachii muscle<br /> SEE: arm for illus. (Muscles of the Arm)<br /> <br /> Triceps brachii muscle<br /> SEE: Triceps muscle.<br /> <br /> Tricipital muscle<br /> A muscle with three tendons of origin and a single, common insertion.<br /> <br /> Twitch muscle<br /> A muscle whose fibers can conduct axon potentials along their cell membranes. Almost all skeletal muscle in humans is twitch muscle. A very few muscles in humans are tonic muscles. Twitch muscles cells can be categorized into a number of types on the basis of the biochemical cycle that they use to produce their energy: red (oxidative), white (glycolytic), or intermediate (oxidative/glycolytic). Most human muscles are composed of a mix of twitch muscle cell types.<br /> <br /> Unipennate muscle<br /> A muscle whose fibers converge on only one side of a tendon. <br /> SEE: bipennate muscle for illus.<br /> <br /> Unstriated muscle<br /> SEE: Smooth muscle.<br /> <br /> Uterine muscle<br /> SEE: myometrium<br /> <br /> Vastus intermedius muscle<br /> One of the thigh muscles. Origin: anterior and lateral sides of proximal femur. Insertion: common tendon of quadratus muscles, tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament. Nerve: femoral (L2-L4). Action: extends leg.<br /> <br /> Vastus lateralis muscle<br /> One of the thigh muscles. Origin: lateral side of proximal femur. Insertion: common tendon of quadratus muscles, tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament. Nerve: femoral (L2-L4). Action: extends leg.<br /> SEE: leg for illus. (Muscles of the leg)<br /> <br /> Vastus medialis muscle<br /> One of the thigh muscles. Origin: medial side of femur Insertion: common tendon of quadratus muscles, tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament. Nerve: femoral (L2-L4). Action: extends leg.<br /> <br /> Vocalis muscle<br /> One of the laryngeal muscles. Origin: midline of inner surface of thyroid cartilage. Insertion: arytenoid cartilage. Nerve: recurrent laryngeal of vagus (CN X). Action: changes tension of vocal cords.<br /> <br /> Voluntary muscle<br /> A muscle that can be controlled voluntarily. Most skeletal muscles are voluntary.<br />

Muscle A type of tissue composed of contractile cells. Each muscle cell is filled with parallel actin and myosin filaments. When activated ...

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Scoliosis

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">A lateral curvature of the spine. It usually consists of two curves, the original abnormal curve and a compensatory curve in the opposite direction. Scoliosis may be functional, structural, or idiopathic. Functional or postural scoliosis usually occurs as a result of a discrepancy in leg length and corrects when the patient bends toward the convex side. Structural scoliosis is related to vertebral bone deformities and thus does not correct with posture changes. Idiopathic scoliosis (the most common kind) may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant or multifactorial trait. scoliotic.<br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglE4THebdl4G2s2lt-NupkBzVk8PGnZWWYeO11TTgdVNCc2RpxsZP3lJeTsEJcIz2E-9nrCi7-IkV8G9InOMSGv6tEWhd5lOfdn8qRpmRylhA682X62pX9BwLI7O-tRiO29CJo-UOLmQlg/s1600/repview.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglE4THebdl4G2s2lt-NupkBzVk8PGnZWWYeO11TTgdVNCc2RpxsZP3lJeTsEJcIz2E-9nrCi7-IkV8G9InOMSGv6tEWhd5lOfdn8qRpmRylhA682X62pX9BwLI7O-tRiO29CJo-UOLmQlg/s320/repview.jpg" width="166" /></a><br /> <br /> <br /> INCIDENCE<br /> Scoliosis affects approx. 7 million people in the U.S. A curve of 10° affects approx. 3% of all individuals. Curves less than 20° are approx. equal in males and females. Scoliosis is most common during late childhood, esp. in girls.<br /> <br /> SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS<br /> Scoliosis rarely produces any symptoms until it is well established; then backache, fatigue, and dyspnea from ventilatory compromise may occur.<br /> <br /> DIAGNOSIS<br /> Diagnosis is based on physical examination, anteroposterior and lateral spinal x-rays, and by using the Cobb angle to measure the angle of curvature.<br /> <br /> TREATMENT<br /> Scoliosis may be treated with a thoracolumbar orthosis to straighten the abnormal spinal curvature and prevent it from twisting, or, when the Cobb angle exceeds 50°, with corrective orthopedic surgery, e.g., the placement of a supportive rod along the spine or spinal fusion.<br /> <br /> PATIENT CARE<br /> Muscle strengthening exercises should be done daily when the patient is in and out of the brace. Follow-up assessment and brace adjustment should be done periodically. As the skeleton matures, brace wear is gradually reduced to nighttime use only. Surgery is indicated when scoliosis progresses despite bracing. Postoperative visits are required for several months to monitor correction stability. Provisions are made to assist the adolescent and family to meet the psychosocial needs associated with the illness. The patient and family are taught about treatment management (cast-care, brace-use, traction, electrical stimulation, or surgery), exercises, activity level, skin care, prevention of complications, and breathing exercises. When necessary, preoperative teaching is provided, including preanesthesia breathing exercises, postoperative use of an incentive spirometer, surgical pain management, and prevention of thromboembolic or other complications. Following surgery, all general patient care concerns apply.<br /> <br /> Upon discharge, home-health care may be needed, and the school-age child or adolescent will require education in the home until he or she is able to return to school. Activity and activity limitations are explained, and diversional activities suggested. The patient is encouraged to provide self-care as much as possible. Wearing one's own clothes, washing and styling one's own hair, and applying make-up improve morale. Educational and support resources are discussed with the patient and family. Pediatricians, pediatric nurse practitioners, school nurses, and other health professionals caring for children should include screening for scoliosis during physical examinations.<br /> <br /> Cicatricial scoliosis<br /> Scoliosis due to fibrous scar tissue contraction resulting from necrosis.<br /> <br /> Congenital scoliosis<br /> Scoliosis present at birth, usually the result of defective embryonic development of the spine.<br /> <br /> Coxitic scoliosis<br /> Scoliosis in the lumbar spine caused by tilting of the pelvis caused by a hip disorder.<br /> <br /> Empyematic scoliosis<br /> Scoliosis following empyema and retraction of one side of the chest.<br /> <br /> Functional scoliosis<br /> Scoliosis caused not by actual spinal deformity but by another condition such as unequal leg lengths. The curve reduces when the other condition is ameliorated.<br /> <br /> Habit scoliosis<br /> Scoliosis due to habitually assumed improper posture or position.<br /> <br /> Inflammatory scoliosis<br /> Scoliosis caused by infection or inflammation near the spine, resulting in local muscle spasm.<br /> <br /> Ischiatic scoliosis<br /> Scoliosis due to hip disease.<br /> <br /> Myopathic scoliosis<br /> Scoliosis due to weakening of the spinal muscles.<br /> <br /> Neuropathic scoliosis<br /> Structural scoliosis caused by congenital or acquired neurological disorders.<br /> <br /> Ocular scoliosis<br /> Scoliosis caused by tilting the head to compensate for visual defects or for extraocular muscle imbalance.<br /> <br /> Osteopathic scoliosis<br /> Scoliosis caused by bony deformity of the spine.<br /> SEE: structural scoliosis<br /> <br /> Paralytic scoliosis<br /> Scoliosis due to paralysis of muscles.<br /> <br /> Protective scoliosis<br /> Scoliosis of the lumbar spine, usually away from the side of pathology. The body is attempting to move a nerve root away from a bulging intervertebral disk herniation.<br /> <br /> Rachitic scoliosis<br /> Scoliosis due to rickets.<br /> <br /> Sciatic scoliosis<br /> Scoliosis caused by the patient’s assumption of a laterally bent posture to reduce symptoms of sciatica.<br /> <br /> Static scoliosis<br /> Scoliosis due to a difference in the length of the legs.<br /> <br /> Structural scoliosis<br /> An irreversible scoliosis that has a fixed rotation. The vertebral bodies rotate toward the convexity of the curve; the rotation results in a posterior rib hump in the thoracic region on the convex side of the curve. In structural scoliosis, the spine does not straighten when the patient bends.</div>

A lateral curvature of the spine. It usually consists of two curves, the original abnormal curve and a compensatory curve in the opposite di...

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Taber's Medical Dictionary:Care

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Care (kar)<br /> <br /> <b> I</b>n health care, the application of professional skill, support and concern, to provide health benefits to a person or a community. <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Acute care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Health care delivered to patients who have experienced sudden illness or injury, or who are recovering from a procedure or operation. Acute care generally occurs in the prehospital or hospital setting or in the emergency department and is usually focused on the immediate, critical problems of the patient.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">adult day care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">ABBR: ADC A licensed agency where the chronically ill, disabled, or cognitively impaired can stay during the day under health care supervision. Most people attending adult day care are older and need some assistance. They are able to participate in structured activities and to walk with or without an assistive device. Most day care centers operate 5 days a week for 8 to 12 hr a day.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">adult foster care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Long-term care for adults who are unable to live alone due to physical, emotional, or developmental impairments. This care is offered in a variety of settings, including a facility that resembles a family residence. Such a facility may have fewer regulations than a nursing home.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">best supportive care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Ideal patient care, e.g., health care that meets the patient's nutritional, psychological, physical, medical, surgical, and social needs.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">charity care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Care provided to patients who are not expected to be able to pay for the services they receive. </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SEE: bad debt</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">cluster care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">A system of home care for older adults that allows the needs of many clients who live in proximity to be met by a team of workers.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">concierge care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SEE: Concierge medicine.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">culturally competent care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">The provision of health care with understanding of and respect for people of all ages, nationalities, races, beliefs, and customs.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">day care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">The supervision of dependents during working hours. The goals of day care are to provide adequate, affordable care for young children or dependent adults, esp. while the primary caregivers are at work.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">developmentally appropriate care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Care that suits the patient's stage of life by meeting his or her cognitive, emotional, and social needs.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">due care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">1. The kind of care that a competent, responsible, and interested provider will give to an individual in need. </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">2. Care that meets generally accepted community standards.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">emergency cardiac care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">ABBR: ECC The basic and advanced life support assessment and treatment necessary to manage sudden and often life-threatening events affecting cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. ECC includes identifying the nature of the problem, monitoring the patient closely, providing basic and advanced life support as quickly as possible, preventing complications, reassuring the patient, and transporting him or her to the most appropriate facility for definitive cardiac care.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SEE: advanced cardiac life support; SEE: basic life support; SEE: cardiopulmonary resuscitation</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">end-of-life care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">ABBR: EOLC Supportive, compassionate care for the dying, their families, and caregivers. EOLC includes addressing the physical, psychological, and spiritual needs of the dying person and focuses on providing comfort, managing symptoms, and respecting the decisions made by the dying person and his or her family. EOLC can be provided wherever the client is living, whether at home, in a hospice, an assisted living residence, or a residential care facility. Services are designed to preserve an individual's comfort and dignity as his or her needs change and to offer continuing support to family, friends, and caregivers. Services also include coordination of care and consultations, community nursing services, rehabilitative services, home support, respite and hospice care. </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SEE: hospice</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">evidence-based health care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SEE: Evidence-based medicine</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">family-centered care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">The integration and collaboration of family members with the patient care team, esp. in the care of dependent infants, children, or adults with complex or continuing health care needs. </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">PATIENT CARE</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Family and friends are increasingly needed to provide patient care. Although researchers have identified the “typical caregiver” as a 46-year-old female with some college education, in actuality anyone in the patient’s circle may be called upon to provide care. The care provided may vary from helping with driving or shopping; managing treatment and medications; providing assistance with activities of daily living, such as bathing, feeding, toileting; and transferring the patient; or helping the patient make health care decisions and choices. The health care professional should identify the primary caregiver(s), recognize the level of stress occurring in the relationship, and develop a partnership to reduce the burden of care and prevent caregiver exhaustion and burnout. In addition to psychosocial support, the family caregiver may benefit from practical instruction about how to perform caregiving activities. Health care professionals should be available to step in when situational demands exceed the family caregiver’s capabilities, and to step back when the family’s support is what is needed most. Caregivers need to seek their own support from family, friends, community agencies, support groups, or/or their religious or spiritual community.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">foster care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">The care of individuals who cannot live independently (such as children, homeless families, or frail elderly people) in a group or private home.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">futile care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">In clinical practice, esp. in the care of patients at the end of life, any intervention that will not improve a patient's health, well-being, comfort, or prognosis. </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SEE: advance directive; SEE: hospice</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">health care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">All of the services made available by medical professionals to promote, maintain, or preserve life and well-being. Its major objectives are to relieve pain; treat injury, illness, and disability; and provide comfort and hope.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">guided care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Complex patient care provided by family members with direction and support from health care professionals.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">home health care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">The provision of equipment and services to patients in their homes to restore and maintain their maximal levels of comfort, function, and health.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">hospital-at-home care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">A form of community-based treatment in which acute medical problems are actively addressed in the patient's home by trained health care specialists in place of similar care provided in-hospital. It has been used to treat both medical issues (such as congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or end-of-life care) and also postoperative recuperation. Although hospital-at-home care has been proposed as a low-cost alternative to inpatient care, its cost structure is not clearly more favorable than inpatient treatment.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">informal care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">1. Care provided to the very young, the very old, the weak, the poor, and the sick by family, friends, neighbors, and concerned citizens, rather than by trained, licensed, or certified health care professionals. </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">2. Health care advice that is given by trained, licensed, and certified health care professionals without a thorough examination. Such care is rarely documented.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">intensive care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">1. Care of critically ill patients by continuous monitoring of various body functions. </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">2. An intensive care unit.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">kangaroo care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">The placing of a newborn directly onto the mother's skin to enhance bonding, regulate body temperature, improve the infant's oxygenation, or increase the mother's production of milk. </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SYN: SEE: kangaroo mothering</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">long-term care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">ABBR: LTC A range of continuous health care or social services for those with chronic physical or mental impairments, or both. LTC provides for basic needs and promotes optimal functioning. It includes care in assisted living facilities, the home, hospice, and nursing homes. </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SEE: Nursing Diagnoses Appendix</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SEE: nursing home</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">low-value care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Health care services that are unlikely to benefit individual patients or the community at large.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">managed care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Any of the methods of financing and organizing the delivery of health care in which costs are contained by controlling the provision of benefits and services. Physicians, hospitals, and other health care agencies contract with the system to accept a predetermined monthly payment for providing services to patients who are enrolled in a managed care plan. Enrollee access to care may be limited to the physicians and other health care providers who are affiliated with the plan. In general, managed care agencies attempt to control costs by overseeing and altering the behavior of their providers. Clinical decision making is influenced by a variety of administrative incentives and constraints. Incentives affect the health care provider's financial return for professional services. Constraints include specific rules, regulations, practice guidelines, diagnostic and treatment protocols, or algorithms. Care is overseen by quality assurance procedures and utilization reviews.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SEE: cost awareness; SEE: cost-effectiveness; SEE: gatekeeper; SEE: Health Maintenance Organization; SEE: managed competition; SEE: resource-based relative value scale</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">medical care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">The use of medical skills to benefit a patient.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">monitored anesthesia care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">ABBR: MAC Repeated careful evaluation of a patient's airway, breathing, blood pressure, and organ perfusion during deep sedation or general anesthesia.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">mouth care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Personal and bedside care of the oral cavity including the gingivae, teeth, lips, epithelial covering of the mucosa, pharynx, and tongue. People who are normally able to provide their own oral hygiene may require help in maintaining a healthy oral environment when they are ill. The intensity and frequency of care is dictated by the patient's comfort; the severity of the illness; potential or existing irritation or inflammation secondary to trauma or therapy; and the patient's state of consciousness, level of cooperation, and ability for self-care.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SEE: stomatitis</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">preference-sensitive care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Optional or elective care that a patient chooses from a list of alternatives, esp. when one alternative is not definitively known to be superior to the others. In preference-sensitive care, the values of the patient in making the choice are paramount.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">nurse-led care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Health care managed by and provided primarily by advanced practitioner nurses. Many community health centers are led by advanced practitioner nurses.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">personal care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SEE: Self-care (2).</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">prehospital care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">The care a patient receives from an emergency medical service before arriving at the hospital. This is usually done by emergency medical technicians and paramedics.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SEE: out-of-hospital.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">prenatal care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">The regular monitoring and management of the health status of the pregnant woman and her fetus during gestation. Comprehensive care is based on a thorough review of the woman's medical, surgical, obstetrical and gynecological, nutritional, and social history, and that of the family for indications of genetic or other risk factors. Laboratory analyses provide important data describing the woman's current health status and indications for treatment and anticipatory guidance. Periodic gynecological visits are scheduled to evaluate changes in blood pressure, weight, fundal height, fetal heart rate, and fetal activity, and to assess for any signs of emerging health problems. To enable the patient's active participation in care and to facilitate early diagnosis and prompt treatment of emerging problems, emphasis is placed on anticipatory guidance and patient teaching. The health care professional describes and discusses nutrition and diet (including the importance of folate supplementation), self-management of common minor complaints, alerts the patient to signs to report promptly to the primary caregiver; helps patients gain access to resources available for preparation for childbirth, breastfeeding, newborn care, and parenting; and provides support and counseling.SEE: pregnancy; SEE: prenatal diagnosis; SEE TABLE: Common Tests Performed Prenatally</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Common Tests Performed Prenatally</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2-7b0tswBpGN7QAXKLGjhXFMErZ6t3YT9QxNbh9ExDmMuWeviDq8qgJb8W-o5e0TnMvO8LONwn4y5VzC2u1cL-zOyfqdFfivga6IT8ScBGrSwH7FhpBOO280nff7K5HF0JCmBkhuVB7gp/s1600/rxc.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2-7b0tswBpGN7QAXKLGjhXFMErZ6t3YT9QxNbh9ExDmMuWeviDq8qgJb8W-o5e0TnMvO8LONwn4y5VzC2u1cL-zOyfqdFfivga6IT8ScBGrSwH7FhpBOO280nff7K5HF0JCmBkhuVB7gp/s640/rxc.PNG" width="622" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">prepaid care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Managed care in which a patient or group contracts for all its health care services in advance instead of paying for each service when it is delivered.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">primary care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Integrated, accessible, basic health care provided where the patient first seeks medical assistance by clinicians responsible for most of the patient's personal health care, including health maintenance, therapy during illnesses, and consultation with specialists.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">relationship-centered care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Health care that explicitly recognizes the importance of patients, their supporters, their community, their providers, and their health care administrators as they jointly affect the experience of health, disease prevention, and treatment.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">residential care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Care provided in a live-in facility other than the patient's home. The very young, the very old, and those with physical infirmities or behavioral or substance abuse problems are often treated in residential care centers.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">respiratory care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">The evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation of patients with cardiopulmonary disease by respiratory therapy professionals working under a physician's supervision.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">respite care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Provision of short-term care to the elderly, disabled, or chronically ill of a community to allow caregivers temporary relief from their responsibilities. The care may be provided either in the patient's home, church, community center, nursing home, or caregiver's home.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">restorative care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SEE: Rehabilitation (1).</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">secondary medical care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Medical care of a patient by a physician acting as a consultant. The provider of primary medical care usually refers the patient for expert or specialty consultation or for a second opinion.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">secondary nursing care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Nursing care aimed at early recognition and treatment of disease. It includes general nursing intervention and teaching of early signs of disease so that prompt medical care by a physician, nurse practitioner, speech therapist, or other appropriate provider can be obtained. </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SEE: preventive nursing</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">simultaneous care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">In patients with potentially terminal illnesses, the combined or alternating use of palliative and curative therapies.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">skilled care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Medical care provided by licensed professionals working under the direction of a physician.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">stepped care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Treatment that follows a predetermined or algorithmic sequence. The simplest, most affordable, or most broadly effective treatment regimen is used first. If that fails or causes side effects, other options are employed until an endpoint is reached.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">supply-sensitive care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Healthcare services that are more likely to be provided where the capacity to provide them exists and less likely to be used where the services to provide them are scarce. A small city that has a neurosurgeon working at its hospital is much more likely to receive patients referred for neurosurgery than another town in which brain surgery is not regionally accessible. More than half of all spending on Medicare is thought to be supply-sensitive.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">survivorship care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">A plan for patient follow-up that links the treatments a patient has received from an oncologist with his or her needs after intensive cancer treatments have been completed. With about 10 million cancer survivors and the numbers rising in the U.S., and survivors are living longer and receiving more fragmented care. A follow-up care plan helps communicate to the patient and his or her future health care providers details of cancer staging, treatment, and disease surveillance that may otherwise be misunderstood or overlooked. According to the Institute of Medicine, such a plan should include the following elements: 1. a clear, concisely written statement of the patient's diagnosis, the methods used in treatment (such as what specific chemotherapeutic drugs and what doses of radiation), and the expected or potential effects of that treatment; 2. detailed information about the need for specific follow-up services and a timetable specifying when such services should be delivered; 3. information about secondary disease prevention (including the detection of cancer recurrence and the need for monitoring for secondary cancers); 4. information about the availability of support services and agencies in the patient's community; 5. information for the patient about legal protection after diagnosis, including regarding employment and insurance.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Survivor care plans are often drawn up and given to patients by oncologists or advanced practice nurses. They should address concerns about nutrition, physical activity, exercise, and mobility; elimination; cognition and perception; pain and discomfort; sleep and rest; self-perception; relationships with spouse, parents, children, other family members, and friends; and sexuality and reproductive issues.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">tactical combat casualty care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">ABBR: TCCC Treatment provided to military personnel while engaged in battle.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">tender loving care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">ABBR: TLC Administration of medical and nursing care and attention to a patient in a kindly, compassionate, and humane manner.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">tertiary medical care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">A level of medical care in a facility staffed and equipped to administer comprehensive care. This care is usually provided in a large hospital to which the patient has been referred or transferred. It includes techniques and methods of therapy and diagnosis involving equipment and personnel that are not economically feasible in a smaller institution because of underutilization.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">tracheostomy care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Management of the tracheostomy wound and the airway device. </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">PATIENT CARE</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">The patient should be suctioned as often as necessary to remove secretions. Sterile technique is maintained throughout the procedure. Before suctioning, the patient should be aerated well, which can be accomplished by using an Ambu bag attached to a source of oxygen. The patency of the suction catheter is tested by aspirating sterile normal saline through it. The catheter is inserted without applying suction, until the patient coughs. Suction is then applied intermittently and the catheter withdrawn in a rotating motion. The lungs are auscultated by assessing the airway, and the suctioning procedure is repeated until the airway is clear. Each suctioning episode should take no longer than 15 sec, and the patient should be allowed to rest and breathe between suctioning episodes. The suction catheter is cleansed with sterile normal saline solution, as is the oral cavity if necessary. The inner cannula should be cleansed or replaced after each aspiration. Metal cannulas should be cleansed with sterile water.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">An emergency tracheotomy kit is kept at the bedside at all times. A Kelly clamp is also kept at the bedside to hold open the tracheostomy site in an emergency. Unless ordered otherwise, cuffed tracheostomy tubes must be inflated if the patient is receiving positive-pressure ventilation. In other cases, the cuff is kept deflated if the patient has problems with aspiration. The dressing and tape are changed every 8 hr, using aseptic technique. Skin breakdown is prevented by covering tracheostomies with an oval dressing between the airway device and the skin. To apply neck tapes, two lengths of twill tape approx. 10 in (25 cm) long are obtained; the end of each is folded and a slit is made 0.5 in (1.3 cm) long about 1 in (2.5 cm) from the fold. The slit end is slipped under the neck plate and the other end of the tape pulled through the slit. This is repeated for the other side. The tape is wrapped around the neck and secured with a square knot on the side. Neck tapes should be left in place until new tapes are attached. Tracheal secretions are cultured as ordered; their color, viscosity, amount, and abnormal odor, if any, are observed. The site is inspected daily for bleeding, hematoma formation, subcutaneous emphysema, and signs of infection. Appropriate skin care is provided. The medical care team should help alleviate the patient's anxiety and apprehension and communicate openly with the patient. The patient's response is documented.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Video for Suctioning: Tracheostomy, Portable Open System </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/8DcVjjybKQI/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8DcVjjybKQI?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">transitional care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Health care services provided to patients after hospitalization in an acute care facility before they are ready to return to their homes. Transitional care shortens acute hospital stays, decreases health care costs, and provides a period for recuperation for patients still unable to thrive independently. Facilities used in transitional care include rehabilitation units, long-term care hospitals, subacute care facilities, hospice services, and some home care services.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">uncompensated care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Health care provided to those who are uninsured and unable to pay for the services they receive. In the U.S., most uncompensated care is provided for in a relatively small number of urban hospitals.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">unscheduled care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Acute care for which patients seek timely access to health care providers. </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SYN: SEE: urgent care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">urgent care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">SEE: Unscheduled care.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">wound care</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: large;">Any technique that enhances the healing of skin abrasions, blisters, cracks, craters, infections, lacerations, necrosis, and/or ulcers. Wound care involves 1. local care to the skin, with débridement and dressings; 2. careful positioning of the affected body part to avoid excessive pressure on the wound; 3. application of compression or medicated bandages; 4. treatment of edema or lymphedema; 5. treatment of infection; 6. optimization of nutrition and of blood glucose levels; 7. the use of supports and cushions; and 8. maximization of blood flow and oxygen. Website: Association for the Advancement of Wound Care: www.aawcone.org/patientresources.shtml</span></div> </div>

Care (kar)  I n health care, the application of professional skill, support and concern, to provide health benefits to a person or a comm...

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